Orthogonality corrections for different scanning directions

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides methods for forming an image with orthogonality corrected image data. A recording head includes a plurality of recording channels which form an image on media. Each recording channel forms an image pixel column. An image data file includes a plurality of image data columns. Different portions of each of a first image data column and a second image data column are assigned to different recording channels. First image data from a portion of the first image data column is substituted with zero image data and is assigned along with image data from another portion of the second image data column to a first recording channel which forms a first image pixel column. The first image data can also be assigned to a second recording channel which forms a second image pixel column. The second image data column is formed while scanning along a direction different than the scanning direction employed to form the first image pixel column.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

Reference is made to commonly-assigned copending U.S. patent applicationSer. No. ______ (Attorney Docket No. 95496/NAB), filed herewith,entitled ORTHOGONALITY CORRECTION EMPLOYING SUBSTITUTED IMAGE DATA, bySalvestro; U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______ (Attorney Docket No.95497/NAB), filed herewith, entitled IMAGING WITH HELICAL AND CIRCULARSCANS, by Salvestro; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______(Attorney Docket No. 95498/NAB), filed herewith, entitled SELECTIVELYAPPLIED ORTHOGONALITY CORRECTIONS, by Salvestro, the disclosures ofwhich are incorporated herein.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is related to forming images with combined helicalscanning and circular scanning techniques. In particular, variousembodiments of the present invention relate to correcting distortionsarising during the printing of graphical elements and electricalcomponents on a printable surface.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Various printing technologies have been extensively employed to formgraphical elements on various substrates. For example, some printingmethods (e.g. ink-jet printing) print various graphical elements bydirecting image forming fluids towards a printable surface. Someprinting methods utilize transfer surfaces to apply colorants to aprintable surface to form a graphical element thereon. The printablesurface can form part of a printed substrate (e.g. paper or polymericfilm) or can form part of an intermediate component adapted to transferthe colorant from the printable surface to the printed substrate (e.g. ablanket cylinder on a press). In either case, a colorant pattern istransferred to the printed substrate to form an image thereon. Variousmedia including printing elements such as printing plates, printingsleeves, printing cylinders and the like include transfer surfaces.Transfer surfaces are used in various printing processes which caninclude, but are not limited to, offset, waterless offset, flexographic,gravure processes, or variations thereof.

The ability of these and other printing techniques to produce relativelylow cost graphical images has lead to considerable interest in the fieldof printable electronics. This interest is particularly relevant inelectronics, display and energy industries which require the formationof various patterns of conductive, semi-conductive and/or dielectricmaterials to form various functional entities including electroniccircuits. The functional entities can include conductors, resistors,inductors, capacitors, rectifiers, transistors, opto-electronic devices,microwave devices, or acoustical devices by way of non-limiting example.Printing techniques are being considered to address the various needs ofthese industries. For example, some printing techniques have thepotential to address the relatively large size requirements and low costdemands of various photovoltaic power assemblies. Additionally, variousprinting techniques are considered well suited for transferring patternsto flexible substrates which increases their potential for use inflexible display applications.

There is also a demand to combine printed graphical images with printedelectronics. For example, there is a desire to replace bar-codes inpackaging applications with more readily readable RFIDs. There is desireto create “smart packaging” and “smart publications” that can enhancethe functionality provided between these articles and the customer.Mechanical, chemical, electrical or electronically-driven functions canenhance the desirability, usability or effectiveness of these articlesin some way. Examples can include time or temperature sensitive foodquality labels, self-heating or self-cooling containers for beveragesand foods, or articles with electronic displays displaying selectinformation based on a particular customer's desire. Accordingly, thereis a desire that these articles be formed with printing techniques thatcan print in addition to various graphical elements, electronic circuitscomprising various passive and active components including conductors,resistors, inductors, capacitors, transistors, displays, sensors,batteries, microphones, and the like.

Typically, some media undergo various processes to render their transfersurfaces in a suitable configuration for use in a printing process.These processes can include various image forming processes. Forexample, exposure processes are used to form images on a surface ofmedia that has been suitably treated so as to be sensitive to light orheat radiation. One type of exposure-based image forming process employsfilm masks. Specialized recording apparatus can also be employed todirectly form images on a surface of the media.

Image forming processes can include various scanning techniques to formvarious sub-images that are combined to form a desired image. Forexample, scanning can include establishing relative movement between arecording head and media as the recording channels of the recording headare activated to form corresponding image pixels on the media. A rasterline or image pixel column comprising a series of image pixels is formedalong a scan direction by a given recording channel as relative movementbetween the given recording channel and the media is established.Relative movement can include moving one or both of the recordingchannels and the media. The various raster lines of image pixels combineto form an image swath. In this manner various image portions are formedin corresponding image swaths. In some cases, scanning can be performedwhile deflecting radiation beams emitted by recording channels relativeto media. In some cases, scanning can be performed while deflectingimage forming material emitted by recording channels relative to media.

Recording apparatus known as computer-to-plate systems have beendeveloped to form images on media. These recording apparatus can includevarious configurations including external drum, internal drum, andflat-bed configurations. The names of these different configurationstypically refer to a configuration of a media support onto which mediais positioned while forming images thereon. For example, an externaldrum recording system includes a cylindrical or drum-like media supportonto which media is positioned while forming images thereon. Images aretypically formed as the drum rotates about a rotation axis along acircumferential or main-scan direction while a recording head is movedalong a sub-scan direction which is generally parallel to the rotationaxis. Images are typically formed on the media by helical scanningtechniques in which the movement of both the drum and the recording headare controlled to cause imaging beams emitted by the recording head tobe scanned over the media along a spiral or helical path. Variousexternal drum recording systems employing helical scanning techniquesare examples of skewed recording systems. Skewed recording systemstypically scan along a direction that is skewed relative to a desiredorientation of an image to be formed during the scanning.

Various image distortions can arise when skewed recording systems areemployed to form images. For example, in various external drum recordingsystems, helical scans are oriented from the main-scan axis by a skewangle determined by the movement of the recording head along thesub-scan axis during each revolution of the drum. Consequently, desiredorthogonality characteristics of a rectangular shaped image can beadversely impacted as helical scanning causes the formed image to take aparallelogram shape.

Various techniques have been employed in the art to correct fororthogonality distortions. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,081,316 (Okamuraet al.) describes a technique to correct for distortions caused byhelical scanning in which image data is pre-distorted to compensate forthe skewed imaging. In particular, an array of image data is shifted ina memory in an opposite direction to the helical scans to arrange theimage data into an array having an “oppositely inclined” parallelogramstructure. This pre-distorted image data compensates for the helicalscanning to produce an image that substantially maintains the desiredorthogonality requirements. Other orthogonality correction techniquesinclude reading out image data along a read path running through theimage data file at an angle corresponding to the helical scan angle.Orthogonality correction techniques are taught in U.S. Pat. No.7,330,202 (Schweger et al.) and in European Patent Application 1 211882.

FIGS. 1A and 1B show various conventionally formed skewed image swathscomparing imaged features which have selectively undergone orthogonalitycorrection during their formation. In particular, FIG. 1A shows atypical helically formed image swath (i.e. helical image swath 100A)formed while not employing orthogonality correction techniques whileFIG. 1B shows a typical helically formed image swath (i.e. helical imageswath 100B) that is formed while employing a conventional orthogonalitytechnique. Both helical image swaths 100A and 100B are shown skewed withrespect to main-scan axis MSA by a helical scan angle θ. For clarity,both helical image swaths 100A and 100B are shown in an unwound or“flat” orientation. It is understood that each of helical image swaths100A and 100B would helically wrap around the media support if formed inan external drum recording apparatus. Helical image swath 100A includesan image feature 47A that extends along the length of the swath.Although it is desired that image feature 47A extend along a directionthat is parallel to a main-scan axis MSA, helical scanning techniquescause image feature 47A to assume a skewed orientation with respect tomain-scan axis MSA. This skewed orientation is corrected in FIG. 1B. Inthis case, although helical image swath 100B is also shown in a skewedorientation with main-scan axis MSA (i.e. in the same orientation ashelical image swath 100A), the employed orthogonality correctiontechnique caused image feature 47B to be formed with a desiredorientation (i.e. shown as a broken line 13) that is substantiallyparallel to main-scan axis MSA.

Analysis of FIG. 1B shows that one effect of the employed orthogonalitycorrection technique is that image feature 47B is formed from aplurality of image feature portions 48 (i.e. image feature portions 48Bin this case) that are arranged in a “stair-case” fashion. In this case,portions of image data have been read out along various skewed readpaths that correspond to helical scan angle θ. The image data in each ofthe skewed read paths results in stair-case appearance of image feature47B.

In many graphics-based applications, stair-cased image feature 47B wouldtypically be perceived by the unaided human eye to appear to extendalong direction of broken line 13 essentially in an un-interruptedfashion thereby rendering the employed orthogonality correctiontechnique acceptable. There are exceptions however where stair-caseimage feature 47B would be noticeable to the un-aided human eye andwould be considered objectionable. For example, in some lenticularapplications, visible artifacts may be visible at the boundaries of thelenticular lenses. In some cases the lenticular lenses act as magnifyingelements that make the stair-case effect more pronounced. In someapplications, the formation of various security features (e.g. securitystrips) on various documents including currency would not be acceptableif these security features were formed with a staircase arrangement ofimage feature portions.

The functionality of the various printed electronic elements is ofparamount importance in the field of printed electronics. Deviations inthe conductive, dielectric or semi-conductive properties of the printedelectronic elements can adversely impact the functionality of theelectronics that they are incorporated into. For example, if imagefeature 47B corresponds to a printed conductive trace, very high areasof electrical resistance would be encountered at various stair-caseshifts points associated with the employed orthogonality correctiontechnique. This problem becomes especially pronounced as the demand forthinner conductors on the order of one or two pixels wide increases.Other electronic elements corresponding to orthogonality corrected imagefeatures similar to image feature 47B can suffer from similar problems.

There is a desire for improved image forming techniques that can combinevarious scanning techniques to improve image forming throughput whilelessening image distortions.

There is a desire for improved orthogonality correction techniques thatcan lessen image distortions while scanning along different directions.

There is a desire for improved image forming techniques that can combineelectronic and graphical elements on a printed article with reducedoccurrences of functionality problems and/or visual artifacts.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Briefly, according to one aspect of the present invention a method forforming an image includes providing a media support adapted to receivemedia; providing a recording head comprising a plurality of recordingchannels, wherein each recording channel is adapted to form an imagepixel column while scanning over the media; providing an image data filecomprising a plurality of image data columns including a first imagedata column and a second image data column; assigning different portionsof each of the first image data column and the second image data columnto different recording channels; substituting first image data assignedto a first recording channel from the first image data column with zeroimage data, and operating the first recording channel to form a firstimage pixel column in accordance with at least the zero image data andsecond image data assigned to the first recording channel from thesecond image data column; and operating the recording head to form theimage.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments and applications of the invention are illustrated by theattached non-limiting drawings. The attached drawings are for purposesof illustrating the concepts of the invention and may not be to scale.

FIG. 1A shows an image feature formed in a conventional helical imageswath;

FIG. 1B shows the image feature of FIG. 1B formed with a conventionalorthogonality correction technique;

FIG. 2 shows a partially schematic view of a recording apparatusemployed in an example embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 3 shows a flow diagram representing a method as per an exampleembodiment of the invention;

FIG. 4A shows an example of helical image swaths formed on a cylindricalsurface;

FIG. 4B shows an example of circular image swaths formed on acylindrical surface;

FIG. 5A schematically shows image data arranged in portion of an imagedata file and its assignment to various recording channels of arecording head;

FIG. 5B shows image data in the image data file of FIG. 5A that issubstituted with zero image data in accordance with the formation of adesired helical scan;

FIG. 5C shows image data in the image data file of FIG. 5A that isassigned to the recording head in accordance with the formation of adesired circular scan;

FIG. 5D shows image data in the image data file of FIG. 5A that is to beassigned to recording head 16 in accordance with the formation ofanother desired helical scan;

FIG. 6A shows the formation of a helical image swath in accordance withthe image data of FIG. 5B;

FIG. 6B shows the formation of a circular image swath in accordance withthe image data of FIG. 5C; and

FIG. 6C shows the formation of a helical image swath in accordance withthe image data of FIG. 5D.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Throughout the following description specific details are presented toprovide a more thorough understanding to persons skilled in the art.However, well-known elements may not have been shown or described indetail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the disclosure. Accordingly, thedescription and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative, ratherthan a restrictive sense.

FIG. 2 schematically shows a recording apparatus 10 for forming an image19 on media 17 as per an example embodiment of the invention. Media 17can take various forms including by way of example, various recordingmedia including printing elements such as printing plates, printingsleeves, printing cylinders and other substrates comprising suitablesurfaces for forming images thereon.

Recording apparatus 10 includes a media support 12, which in thisexample embodiment is arranged according to an external drumconfiguration. Accordingly, in this example embodiment media support 12comprises a drum-like or cylindrical shape adapted to rotate about arotation axis 14. Other examples embodiments of the invention caninclude other forms of media supports which can include internal drumconfigurations or flat surface configurations.

Media 17 is supported on a cylindrical surface 15 of media support 12.One or more portions of media 17 are secured to cylindrical surface 15by clamping members 28A and 28B. Other example embodiments of theinvention can secure media 17 to media support 12 by additional oralternative methods. For example, a surface of media 17 can be securedto cylindrical surface 15 by various methods including providing a lowpressure source (e.g. suction) between the surfaces. In other exampleembodiments, media 17 can take the form of a hollow sleeve-likestructure (e.g. a printing sleeve) that is positioned over and held ontomedia support 12 by various methods known in the art. In some exampleembodiments, media support 12 and media 17 are combined into a singleassembly. Combined media support/media assemblies can take the form ofvarious printing plate cylinders such as gravure cylinders for example.

Recording apparatus 10 includes recording head 16 which is movablerelative to media support 12. In this example embodiment of theinvention, recording head 16 is mounted on movable carriage 18. Mediasupport 12 rotates about rotation axis 14 relative to support 11.Carriage 18 is movable relative to support 11 in a manner in whichrecording head 16 can be moved along a path substantially aligned withrotation axis 14. Motion system 22 is used to provide relative movementbetween recording head 16 and media support 12. Motion system 22 (whichcan include one or more motion systems) includes any suitable drives,encoders, and sensors needed for the required movement. In this exampleembodiment of the invention, motion system 22 is used to rotationallymove media support 12 along a path aligned with a main-scan axis MSA andto move recording head 16 along a path aligned with sub-scan axis SSA.Guide system 32 is used to guide carriage 18 which is moved under theinfluence of transmission member 33. In this example embodiment of theinvention, transmission member 33 includes a screw that moves carriage18 as the screw rotates.

Those skilled in the art will realize that various forms of relativemovement between recording head 16 and media support 12 are possible.For example, in some cases both recording head 16 and media support 12are moved at the same time. In some cases recording head 16 can bestationary while media support 12 is moved. In other cases, mediasupport 12 is stationary and recording head 16 is moved. In some cases,one or both of recording head 16 and media support 12 can be controlledto move along opposite directions in each of their respective paths ofmovement. In some cases, one or both recording head 16 and media support12 can be controlled to move in a reciprocating fashion as in a flat-bedrecording apparatus for example. Separate motion systems 22 can also beused to operate different systems within recording apparatus 10.

Controller 30, which can include one or more controllers is used tocontrol one or more systems of recording apparatus 10 including, but notlimited to, various motion systems 22 used by media support 12 andcarriage 18. Controller 30 can also control media handling mechanismsthat can initiate the loading and unloading of media 17 to and frommedia support 12. Controller 30 can also provide image data 37 torecording head 16 and control recording head 16 to form images inaccordance with this data. Various systems can be controlled usingvarious control signals and by implementing various methods. Controller30 can be configured to execute suitable software and can include one ormore data processors, together with suitable hardware, including by wayof non-limiting example: accessible memory, logic circuitry, drivers,amplifiers, A/D and D/A converters, input/output ports, and the like.Controller 30 can comprise, without limitation, a microprocessor, acomputer-on-a-chip, the CPU of a computer or any other suitablemicrocontroller.

In this example embodiment, recording head 16 includes plurality ofrecording channels 40. The plurality of recording channels 40 can bearranged in various configurations including various arrayconfigurations. An array of recording channels 40 can include a onedimensional or a two dimensional array of the recording channels. Eachrecording channel 40 is individually controllable an image pixel (notshown) on media 17 in accordance with specific image informationprovided by image data 37. As used herein, image pixel refers to asingle unit element of image that can be formed on media 17. In thepresent invention, various image pixels will be combined with otherimage pixels to form various image features 47. Image pixels can becombined with one another to form various patterns of image pixelsincluding halftone patterns, stochastic patterns and hybrid patterns(i.e. patterns that include halftone and stochastic patterns) that canused in the formation of various image features 47 especially when theimage features 47 correspond to graphical elements.

Recording channels 40 can be controlled to form images on media 17 bydifferent methods. For example, in various ink-jet applications,recording channels 40 can include various nozzle structures that areoperable for emitting drops of image forming material onto an imagablesurface. Each drop that is transferred to the imagable surface can beused in the formation of an image pixel. Image forming materials caninclude colorants, dye based compositions, pigment based compositions,photo-sensitive compositions and thermo-sensitive compositions, forexample. In this illustrated embodiment, recording channels 40 arecontrolled to emit radiation beams (not shown) to form correspondingimage pixels. Radiation beams can be emitted by various methods. Forexample, in this illustrated embodiment recording head 16 includes aradiation source such as a laser (not shown) which directs radiationonto a spatial light modulator (also not shown). The channels of thespatial light modulator are selectively controlled to transform theradiation into a plurality of radiation beams. Various optical elements(not shown) project the radiation beams onto media 17 to formcorresponding image pixels.

Radiation beams can be used to form image 19 on media 17 by differentmethods. For example, radiation beams can be used to image-wise ablate asurface of media 17. Radiation beams can be used to cause an image-wisetransference of an image-forming material from a donor element to asurface of media 17 (e.g. a thermal transfer process). Media 17 caninclude an image modifiable surface, wherein a property orcharacteristic of the modifiable surface is changed when irradiated by aradiation beam emitted by a recording channel 40. A radiation beam canundergo a direct path from a radiation source to media 17 or can bedeflected by one or more optical elements towards the media.

Once an image 19 is formed, media 17 can undergo additional processingsteps. For example, many types of media 17 undergo various chemicalprocessing steps to amplify a difference between imaged and non-imagedportions of the media. Additional processing steps can also includedrying steps, gumming steps and steps that involve the formation ofregistration features on the media 17. The choice of processing stepsemployed is typically motivated by the type of media 17 that isprocessed.

FIG. 3 shows a flow diagram representing a method 300 as per an exampleembodiment of the invention. Although, the illustrated method refers torecording apparatus 10, it is to be understood that other suitable imageforming apparatus can just as readily be used in various embodiments ofthe invention.

In step 302 an image data file 38 is provided to controller 30. Imagedata file 38 includes various arrangements of image data 37. Each of thearrangements of image data can be organized in various manners. In someexample embodiments, various image data 37 is provided for the formationof an image feature 47 corresponding to a graphical element that is tobe formed. A graphical element comprising a desired color attribute canbe formed by various techniques including by combining various patternsof different colors. In many printing applications a graphical elementcan be formed by transferring various colorants to a substrate.Typically, colorants including cyan (C), magenta (M), yellow (Y), andblack (B) are employed. Arrangements of image data 37 corresponding to arequired transference of each colorant is typically referred to as acolor separation. In some example embodiments, other color schemes areemployed. In some example embodiments, color schemes employing specialcolors typically referred to as spot colors are employed.

In some example embodiments, various image data 37 is provided for theformation of an image feature 47 corresponding to an electrical elementthat is to be formed. Various electrical elements can be formed bytransferring one or more layers of functional materials to a substrate.Functional materials can include conductive, semi-conductive ordielectric materials for example. Accordingly, image data 37corresponding to a particular image feature 47 can be arranged in afunctional separation according to a particular functional requirementassociated that particular image feature 47. In some example embodimentsof the invention, each arrangement of image data 37 is provided in asub-file in image data file 38. In some embodiments of the presentinvention, image data 37 corresponding to a graphical element will beprovided in a different sub-file than a sub-file that includes imagedata 37 corresponding to an electrical element. In other exampleembodiments, image data 37 corresponding to each of a graphical elementand an electrical element are contained in a same sub-file.

In many cases, the number of recording channels 40 is insufficient tocompletely form image 19 during a single image forming operation.Accordingly, image 19 is formed by merging multiple sub-images together,each of the sub images being formed during a corresponding image formingoperation. Sub-images can be formed in different manners. In thisexample embodiment of the invention, each sub-image is formed during ascanning operation. A sub-image formed by scanning typically includes anarrangement of image pixel columns referred to as an image swath.

Different scanning techniques can be employed to form image swaths. Forexample, as shown in FIG. 4A, helical scanning techniques can beemployed to form helical image swaths 100 which are formed in a spiralor helical fashion around a surface comprising a cylindrical shape. Inthis example embodiment, helical image swaths 100 can be formed whencontroller 30 causes recording head 16 to emit radiation beams whilesimultaneously causing recording head 16 to move along a direction ofsub-scan axis SSA and media support 12 to move along a direction ofmain-scan axis MSA. In this regard, scanning occurs along both amain-scan direction and along a sub-scan direction. The movement ofrecording head 16 and media support 12 can be controlled to form acontinuous series of helical image swaths 100. As shown in FIG. 4A eachhelical image swath 100 is skewed with respect to main-scan axis MSA.Selected parts of recording apparatus 10 have been removed for clarityin FIG. 4A.

It is to be noted that other forms of skewed scanning techniques similarto helical scanning techniques can be used in various embodiments of thepresent invention. Skewed scanning techniques need not be limited toexternal drum configurations but can also be employed with otherconfigurations of recording apparatus. For example, in some internaldrum image forming apparatus, media is positioned on a concave surfaceof a media support while a radiation beam is directed towards an opticaldeflector positioned along a central axis of the media support. Theoptical deflector is rotated while moving along central axis to causethe radiation beam to follow a spiral path on the surface of therecording media.

Circular scanning techniques can also be used to form ring-like orcircular image swaths 110 as shown in FIG. 4B. In this exampleembodiment, circular image swaths 110 can be formed when controller 30causes recording head 16 to emit radiation beams while maintainingrecording head 16 at a first position 41 along sub-scan axis SSA andwhile moving media support 12 along a direction of main-scan axis MSA.In this regard, scanning occurs solely along a main-scan direction.After the completion of a first circular image swath 110, recording head16 is moved to a second position 42 along sub-scan axis SSA. A secondcircular image swath 110 is then formed as recording head 16 is operatedto emit radiation beams while maintaining recording head 16 at secondposition 42 and while moving media support 12 along a direction ofmain-scan axis MSA. Recording head 16 is shown in broken lines at secondposition 42 for clarity. In some example embodiments, the secondcircular image swath 110 is formed adjacently to the first circularimage swath 110. In some example embodiments, the second circular imageswath 110 and the first circular image swath 110 include overlappedregions. Selected parts of recording apparatus 10 have been removed forclarity in FIG. 4B.

Since a sub-scan movement in which no image forming actions are taken isrequired between each successive circular scan, circular scanningtechniques typically suffer from lower image forming throughputs thanthose associated with helical scanning techniques. However, aspreviously described, helical scanning techniques can lead to variousgeometric distortions. Although various orthogonality correctiontechniques can be employed to correct for these distortions, thesetechniques may not be suitable for all applications. As previously shownin FIG. 1B, conventional orthogonality correction techniques can impartundesired shifts in the arrangement of image pixels that form variousimage features 47. Undesired changes in a visual or a functionalproperty of an element corresponding to an image feature 47 can arisewhen the image feature is formed while applying conventionalorthogonality techniques.

In steps 304 and 306 respectively, various ones of the arrangements ofthe image data 37 are analyzed to identify first image data portionscorresponding to an image feature 47 that is to be orthogonalitycorrected and second image data portions corresponding to an imagefeature 47 that is not to be orthogonality corrected. In some exampleembodiments of the invention, the image feature 47 that is to beorthogonality corrected corresponds to a graphical element while theimage feature 47 that that is not to be orthogonality correctedcorresponds to an electrical element.

In step 308, recording head 16 is operated to helically scan acrossmedia 17 in the event that first image data portions are identified. Inthis example embodiment of the invention, orthogonality correctiontechniques are applied to the first image data portion to correct fordistortions that can arise in various image features 47 formed duringthe helical scanning.

In step 310, recording head 16 is operated to circularly scan over media17 in the event that second image data portions are identified.Advantageously, since sub-scan movement is not present during each ofthe circular scans, distortions such as orthogonality distortions arenot present and orthogonality correction methods that can adverselyimpact a functional requirement of the various electrical elements arenot employed.

Various embodiments of the present invention allows various imagefeatures 47 to be formed with increased image forming throughputs whenformed with helical scanning techniques. These image features 47 caninclude image features that are suitably tolerant to the use of variousconventional orthogonality correction techniques. Other image features47 which are less tolerant to the use of various conventionalorthogonality correction techniques can be formed with circular scanningtechniques.

In some example embodiments of the invention, media 17 can include aplurality of media. Various ones of each media of the plurality of mediacan correspond to image data 37 pertaining to a particular colorseparation or to a particular functional separation. In some exampleembodiments of the invention, media 17 can include a plurality ofprinting elements which can include, but is not limited to a pluralityof printing plates, a plurality of printing sleeves or a plurality ofprinting cylinders. In some example embodiments, various ones of imagefeatures 47 associated with a given image 19 are formed on a differentprinting element. In some example embodiments of the invention, media 17can include a plurality of surfaces and various ones of image features47 associated with a given image 19 are formed on different surfaces ofthe plurality of surfaces.

In some example embodiments, an image feature 47 that has been formedwhile applying orthogonality corrections is formed on a different media17 than another image feature 47 that has been formed while not applyingorthogonality corrections. In some example embodiments, an image feature47 that is created while helically scanning is formed on a differentmedia 17 than another image feature 47 that is created while circularlyscanning.

In some example embodiments, graphical elements are printed separatelyfrom electrical features. For example, graphical elements can printedwith a material comprising a desired color characteristic whileelectrical elements are printed with a material comprising a desiredelectrical characteristic (e.g. conductive or dielectric properties). Insome example embodiments, electrical elements and graphical elements areprinted at different print stations. In some example embodiments, imagefeatures 47 corresponding to electrical elements are formed on differentmedia 17 than the media 17 that image features 47 corresponding tographical elements are formed on. In some example embodiments, differentmedia 17 are used during the printing of each of an electrical elementand a graphical element.

In some example embodiments, image features 47 corresponding toelectrical elements are formed on a same media 17 that image features 47corresponding to graphical elements are formed on. In some exampleembodiments, the same media 17 is used in the printing of each of anelectrical element and a graphical element. For example, image features47 corresponding to both electrical elements and graphical elements canbe formed on a common media 17 which can include a common printingplate, a common printing sleeve or a common printing cylinder by way ofnon-limiting example. The common media 17 can be used to apply afunctional material comprising a particular electrical characteristic toform both the graphical elements and the electrical elements. In someexample embodiments, the functional material additionally comprisesspecific color characteristics as required by an element. In someexample embodiments, image features 47 corresponding to electricalelements can include graphical attributes as may be required in someapplications.

In some example embodiments, an image feature 47 that has been formedwhile applying orthogonality corrections is formed on a same media 17 asanother image feature 47 that has been formed while not applyingorthogonality corrections. In some example embodiments, the differentlyformed image features 47 are formed on a same surface of the media 17.

In some example embodiments of the invention, recording head 16 isoperated to form a combination helical image swaths 100 and circularimage swaths 110 while scanning over a same media 17. In some exampleembodiments of the invention, recording head 16 is operated to form eachof the image swaths in one of a set of helical image swaths 100 and aset of circular image swaths 110 prior to forming each of the imageswaths in the other of the set of helical image swaths 100 and the setof circular image swaths 110. For example, recording head 16 can beoperated to form each of the helical image swaths 100 prior to formingeach of the circular image swaths 110. As previously described, each ofthe helical image swaths 100 is formed as recording head 16 iscontinuously moved along a first direction of sub-scan axis SSA whilemedia support 12 is rotationally moved along a direction of main-scanaxis MSA. In various embodiments of the invention, recording head 16 ismoved along sub-scan axis SSA with a substantially constant speed, evenif recording head 16 is operated not to undertake image forming actionsduring part of the movement (i.e. over a portion of media 17 over whicha circular scan is to be undertaken). In some of these exampleembodiments of the invention, recording head 16 is moved along a secondsub-scan direction opposite to the first sub-scan direction after thecompletion of the helical image swaths 100. Movement along the secondsub-scan direction can be performed for various reasons includingretracing recording head 16 to a position required for a next imagingfor example. The speed of the recording head 16 along sub-scan axis SSAcan be made to vary between the formation of one of the set of helicalimage swaths 100 and the set of circular image swaths 110 and theformation of the other of the set of helical image swaths 100 and theset of circular image swaths 110.

As previously described, each circular image swath 110 is formed whilemaintaining recording head 16 at fixed sub-scan position and as mediasupport 12 is rotationally moved long a direction of main-scan axis MSA.Upon the formation of a first circular image swath 110, recording head16 can be repositioned along sub-scan axis SSA for the formation of asecond circular image swath 110. In some example embodiments, recordinghead 16 can be moved along sub-scan axis SSA with varying speeds betweenthe formations of successively formed circular image swaths 110. Asub-scan speed of recording head 16 between two sub-scan positions maybe motivated by the distance between the two positions, for example.

In some example embodiments of the invention, recording head 16 isoperated to intersperse the formation of various helical image swaths100 with the formation of various circular image swaths 110. Recordinghead 16 can be operated to sequentially form each image swath in aspatially continuous series of interspersed helical image swaths 100 andcircular image swaths 110 such that each image swath in the spatiallycontinuous series is sequentially formed in accordance with its order inthe spatially continuous series. In some of these example embodiments,the speed with which recording head 16 is moved along sub-scan axis SSAis varied as a transition from the formation of one type of image swathto the formation of another type of image swath is required. Forexample, if recording head 16 is being moved along a first sub-scandirection while forming a helical image swath 100, its movement willrequire a deceleration to a zero speed to form a circular image swath110. If the circular image swath 110 is positioned adjacently to thehelical image swath 100, finite deceleration parameters can additionallyrequire recording head 16 to retrace or additionally move along secondsub-scan direction opposite to the first sub-scan direction to ensurethat recording head 16 has sufficient distance to be correctlypositioned for the formation of the circular image swath 110.

Conversely, if recording head 16 has just completed the formation of afirst circular image swath 110 and is to next form a helical image swath100, then a movement of recording head 16 in which it accelerates to asub-scan speed suitable for the helical scanning is required. After theformation of the first circular image swath 110, finite accelerationparameters can require recording head 16 to be retraced prior toaccelerating recording head 16 to achieve a correct sub-scan speed and acorrect positioning required by the formation of the helical image swath100. In some example embodiments, recording head 16 reciprocates along aportion of path traveled between the formation of one of a helical imageswath 100 and a circular image swath 110 and the formation of the otherof the helical image swath 100 and the circular image swath 110. Variousencoders known in the art can be used to facilitate to the correctpositioning of recording head 16. Various encoders known in the art canbe used to synchronize a movement of recording head 16 with a movementof media support 12.

FIG. 5A schematically shows image data 37 representative of an image 19arranged in portion of an image data file 38. FIG. 5A additionallyschematically represents an assignment of various image data 37 tovarious recording channels 40 of recording head 16. In this exampleembodiment, image data file 38 includes a matrix in which image data 37is arranged in image data columns 50 and image data rows 52. In someexample embodiments, image data 37 is arranged in a raster bitmap. Inthis example embodiment, each image data 37 is represented by a cell inthe matrix. Each cell corresponds to an image pixel that can be formedon media 17 by a recording channel 40 of recording head 16. In thisexample embodiment, each image data column 50 corresponds to a desiredarrangement of image pixels along a direction of main-scan axis MSA(e.g. a raster line) while each image data row 52 corresponds to anarrangement of image pixels along a direction of sub-scan axis SSA. Thearrangement of image data 37 includes various “non-zero” image data 37which is made up information that when assigned to recording head 16,causes recording head 16 to form image pixels representative of areas ofmedia 17 that are to be marked, and various “zero” image data 37 whichis made up of information that when assigned to recording head 16,causes recording head 16 to form image pixels representative of areas ofmedia 17 that are not to be marked. Cells corresponding to non-zeroimage data 37 are patterned in FIG. 5A to distinguish them from cellscorresponding to zero image data 37 which are shown un-patterned.

In this example embodiment, image data file 38 includes image data 37corresponding to image features 47C, 47D, and 47E. As shown in FIG. 5A,each of image features 47C, 47D, and 47E correspond to a column ofnon-zero image data 37. In this example embodiment, its is desired thateach of the image features 47C, 47D, and 47E be formed on media 17 withorientations that are substantially parallel to main-scan axis MSA. Inthis example embodiment, it is further desired that image feature 47D beformed with image data 37 which is not orthogonality corrected whileimage features 47C and 47E be formed with image data 37 that has beenorthogonality corrected. In this example embodiment, it is desired thatimage feature 47D be formed while circularly scanning over media 17, andthat image features 47C and 47E be formed while helically scanning overmedia 17.

The application of orthogonality corrections to various image data 37employed during each of the helical scans can be performed in variousways. In this example embodiment, orthogonality corrections are made byreading skewed image data columns 60 to recording head 16 to compensatefor distortions created by the helical scanning. That is, rather thanreading out an entire image data column 50 to a given recording channel40 which would impart a skewed orientation to image features 47 formedduring a helical scan (e.g. image feature 47A in FIG. 1A), differentimage data portions 55 from each of a plurality of image data columns 50are assigned to different recording channels 40 via a skewed image datacolumn 60. For clarity, each skewed image data column 60 isschematically represented by as an arrow incorporating different imagedata portions 55 corresponding to that particular skewed image datacolumn 60. For example, skewed image data column 60A includes aplurality of image data portions 55A, 55B, 55C, and 55D. Each of imagedata portions 55A, 55B, 55C, and 55D has been outlined in bolded linesfor clarity.

In this example embodiment, each image data portion 55 assigned to agiven skewed image data column 60 is selected from a different imagedata column 50. Each skewed image data column 60 is schematically shownassigned to particular recording channel 40 of recording head 16. Insome example embodiments, the number of skewed image data columns 60that is read out is motivated by the number of recording channels 40that are to be employed during a particular scan. In this exampleembodiment, various image data portions 55 transition from one toanother in a given skewed image data column 60 at locations on imagedata shift lines 59 which are schematically represented by broken lines.

In this example embodiment, image data 37 in each skewed image datacolumn 60 is read out along a direction that is skewed with respect toan arrangement direction of the image data 37 within image data columns50. In this example embodiment, each image data portion 55 is sized tocause associated skewed image data columns 60 to compensate fororthogonality distortion effects associated with the helical scanning.In this example embodiment, each image data portion 55 is sized inaccordance with a helical scan angle θ associated with recordingapparatus 10. In some example embodiments, media 17 can be located onmedia support 12 such that an edge of media 17 is skewed with respect tosub-scan axis SSA. In these embodiments, each image data portion 55 canbe sized to correspond to both the helical scan angle θ and the skewassociated with the placement of the recording media edge to therebycompensate for both these effects.

In this example of the invention, each image data portion 55 is sizedbased at least on the number of recording channels 40 that are to beemployed during the formation of a given image swath, variousresolutions of recording channels 40 to be formed on media 17, and anapplicable main-scan distance associated with each image swath to beformed. In this example embodiment, the applicable main-scan distancecorresponds to a circumferential distance associated with cylindricalsurface 15 and a thickness of media 17.

FIG. 5A indicates that a potential problem exists as image data 37 isread out along various skewed image data columns 60 to form anorthogonality corrected image feature 47C during an associated helicalscan. Specifically, the image data 37 that is read out to recording head16 along various skewed image data columns 60 includes image data 37representative of image feature 47D. As previously stated, image feature47D was identified as an image feature 47 which was deemed to be notsuited for the application of orthogonality corrections. In this case,the image data file 38 includes various image data portions 55 (e.g.image data portions 55E and 55F) that if assigned via various skewedimage data columns 60 to associated recording channels 40 during theformation of image feature 47C would also lead to an undesired placementof image pixels 45 that form a portion of image feature 47D. In thisregard, the image data 37 that is required to form an orthogonalitycorrected image feature 47C undesirably includes image data 37representative of a portion of image feature 47D.

In one example embodiment of the invention, this problem is addressed bysubstituting image data 37 in one or more of the image data portions 55assigned to a particular recording channel 40 with a zero image data.For example, FIG. 5A shows first image data portion 55E includes variousfirst image data 37A representative of a portion of image feature 47A.As shown in FIG. 5B, first image data 37A is substituted with zero imagedata to form substituted first image data 37A_(SUB) which is shownun-patterned. In a similar fashion, image data 37B in image data portion55F is also substituted with zero image data 37 to form substitutedimage data 37B_(SUB). In this regard, image data portions 55E and 55Fare respectively transformed into substituted first image data portions55E_(SUB) and 55F_(SUB). It is to be noted that the substitution ofvarious image data 37 with zero image data need not occur within imagedata file 38 itself. For example, various image data 37 in image datafile 38 can be provided to a computer readable memory adapted to performthe substitutions therewithin.

As shown in FIG. 6A, recording head 16 is then operated to form ahelical image swath 100C during a first scan. Helical image swath 100Cincludes an image pixel matrix comprising a plurality of image pixelrows 53A and plurality of image pixel columns 54A. Each image pixelcolumn 54A is formed by a corresponding recording channel 40 asrepresented by broken lines 57A. In this example embodiment, the helicalscanning causes each image pixel column 54A to be skewed relative tomain-scan axis MSA by a skew angle corresponding to helical scan angleθ. Helical image swath 100C is formed in accordance with various imagedata 37 provided via the skewed image data columns 60 during a firstscan. Since this image data 37 includes the zero image data that wassubstituted into first image data portion 55E, both the substitutedfirst image data portion 55E_(SUB) and other image data portions 55 fromother image data columns 50 (e.g. second image data portions 55G, 55H,and 55I) can be assigned to a particular recording channel via aparticular skewed image data column to form a portion of anorthogonality corrected image feature 47C without forming a portion ofimage feature 47D during the helical scan. Substituted first image dataportion 55E_(SUB) and each of image data portions 55G, 55H, and 55I formpart of skewed image data column 60B and each of these image dataportions has been outlined in bolded lines for clarity.

As shown in FIG. 5C, image data 37 from image data file 38 is assignedto recording head 16 for a second scan over media 17. This image dataincludes image data 37 corresponding to image feature 47D. Since it isdesired that image feature 47D be formed from image data 37 that has notbeen orthogonality corrected, image feature 47D is to be formed whilecircularly scanning over recording apparatus 10. Accordingly image data37 is not assigned to each recording channel 40 via a skewed image datacolumn 60 but rather directly though each of the image data columns 50as shown by arrows 62. In this example embodiment of the invention,various image data 37 corresponding to image feature 47D (i.e. includingthe original first image data 37A and 37B) is directly assigned to arecording channel 40 as shown in FIG. 5C.

As shown in FIG. 6B, recording head 16 is positioned to form a circularimage swath 110A during a second scan in accordance with the image data37 assigned to recording head 16 in FIG. 5C. As shown in FIG. 6B,circular image swath 110A includes an image pixel matrix comprising aplurality of image pixel rows 53B and plurality of image pixel columns54B. Each image pixel column 54B is formed by a corresponding recordingchannel 40 as represented by broken lines 57B. In this exampleembodiment, the circular scanning causes the image pixel columns 54B tobe formed substantially parallel to main-scan axis MSA. In this exampleembodiment, circular image swath 110A overlaps a region of media 17 thatwas scanned during the formation of helical image swath 100C. Asdesired, image feature 47D is formed without the image pixel shifts thattypically accompany various orthogonality corrected image features 47.In this example embodiment, image pixel rows 53B are formed in alignedrelationship with corresponding image pixels rows 53A that were formedduring the first scan.

Referring back to FIG. 5C, it is apparent that an entire image swath'sworth of image data 37 has been provided to recording head 16 in thisexample embodiment. This image data 37 includes image datarepresentative of image feature 47E which was deemed to be an imagefeature that could be formed with image data 37 that was orthogonalitycorrected. In some example embodiments, various practitioners of thepresent invention may forego their desire to form image feature 47E fromun-orthogonalized image data and thereby additionally form image feature47E along with image feature 47D in circular image swath 110A. Thoseskilled in the art will realize that additional penalties in thethroughput of these image forming activities is not incurred if imagefeature 47E is additionally formed with image feature 47D in circularimage swath 110A. The choice to form, or not form, a portion of an imagefeature 47 such as image feature 47E in circular image swath 110A can bemotivated by various factors including stitching issues that may arisefrom a requirement to form an additional portion of the image feature 47in a subsequent helical swath 100.

In this example embodiment, image feature 47E is not formed in circularimage swath 110A. In some embodiments of the present invention this isaccomplished by substituting image data 37 corresponding to imagefeature 47E with zero image data and forming a portion of circular imageswath 110A with the substituted image data. In other example embodimentsthis is accomplished by disabling particular recording channels 40 towhich image data 37 corresponding to image feature 47E is assignedduring the formation of circular image swath 110A.

In this example embodiment, the decision to form image feature 47E in ahelical image swath 100 with orthogonality corrected image data 37 ismaintained. As shown in FIG. 5D, image data 37 from image data file 38is assigned to recording head 16 for a third scan over media 17. Thisimage data includes image data 37 corresponding to image feature 47E.Since it is desired that image feature 47E be formed from image data 37that been orthogonality corrected, various image data 37 is assigned torecording head 16 via skewed image data columns 60 in a manner similarto those previously disclosed. In this example embodiment of theinvention, each of the various image data portions 55 of the image datacolumn 50 comprising image data 37 representing image feature 47E isassigned to a different recording channel 40 along with other image dataportions 55 from other image data columns 50. As shown in FIG. 5D, someof these other image data portions 55 include image data portions 55Jand 55K which contain image data 37 representative of image feature 47D.Since there is no desire to form image feature 47D with orthogonalitycorrected image data 37 and since image feature 47D was previouslyformed in circular image data swath 110A, image data 37 in image dataportions 55J and 55K is subsequently substituted with zero image data 37in a manner similar to that previously disclosed. This substitution isnot shown in FIG. 5D.

As shown in FIG. 6C, recording head 16 is positioned to form a secondhelical image swath 100D during a third scan in accordance with theimage data 37 and the substituted image data 37 that have been assignedto recording head 16 in FIG. 5D. As shown in FIG. 6C, helical imageswath 100D includes an image pixel matrix comprising a plurality ofimage pixel rows 53C and plurality of image pixel columns 54C. Eachimage pixel column 54C is formed by a corresponding recording channel 40as represented by broken lines 57C. In this example embodiment, imagepixel columns 54C are formed in a skewed orientation with main-scan axisMSA in a manner similar to image pixel columns 54C. In this exampleembodiment the image pixels rows 53C are formed in aligned relationshipwith image pixel rows 53A and 53B. In this example embodiment, helicalimage swath 100D overlaps a region of media 17 that was scanned duringthe formation of circular image swath 110A. In this example embodiment,the sub-scan position of recording head 16 at the start of the helicalscan corresponding to helical image swath 100D is the same as thesub-scan position of recording head 16 at the start of the circular scancorresponding to circular image swath 110A. As desired, image feature47E is formed in accordance with orthogonality corrected image data 37in helical image swath 42D without overwriting the previously formedimage feature 47D since image data 37 corresponding to various portionsof image feature 47D was substituted with zero image data.

In some example embodiments, the selection of a particular scanningtechnique is made on the basis of the type of image feature 47 that isto be formed. Some example embodiments of the invention can includedetermining if an image feature 47 corresponds to an electrical elementor a graphical element and in the event that the image feature 47 isdetermined to correspond to the electrical element, the image feature 47is formed during a circular scan. In some example embodiments, the imagefeature 47 is formed during a helical scan in the event that the imagefeature 47 is determined to correspond to the graphical element.

In some example embodiments of the invention, orthogonality correctiontechniques are selectively applied on the basis of the type of imagefeature 47 that is to be formed. Some example embodiments of theinvention can include determining if an image feature 47 corresponds toan electrical element or a graphical element and forming the imagefeature 47 with image data 37 that has not been orthogonality correctedin the event that the image feature 47 is determined to correspond tothe electrical element. In some example embodiments, the image feature47 is formed with image data 37 that has been orthogonality corrected inthe event that the image feature 47 is determined to correspond to thegraphical element. In some example embodiments, orthogonalitycorrections can be selectively applied to image data 37 representativeof different types of graphical elements, or to image data 37representative of different types of electrical elements.

In some example embodiments, recording head 16 is operated to scan overmedia support 12 along a first direction to form a first image feature47 in accordance with first image data 37 that is orthogonalitycorrected, and scan along a second direction to form a second imagefeature 47 in accordance with second image data 37 that is notorthogonality corrected. In some example embodiments, the firstdirection is different from the second direction. In some exampleembodiments, the first direction is parallel to the second direction. Inother example embodiments, the first direction is opposite to the seconddirection. In yet other example embodiments, the first direction is thesame as the second direction. For example, helical scans can be employedduring the formation of first image features 47 in accordance with imagedata 37 that has been orthogonality corrected and during the formationof second image features 47 that are formed in accordance with imagedata 37 that has not been orthogonality corrected. It is to be notedhowever that potential variances from the desired positionalrelationships between these first image features 47 and these secondimage features 47 may require consideration in these exampleembodiments.

Various example embodiments of the present invention have been describedin conjunction with orthogonality correction methods in which image data37 is read out along skewed image data columns 60. The present inventionis not limited to these embodiments and those skilled in the art willnow realize that the present invention can easily be adapted for usewith other orthogonality correction techniques. By way of non-limitingexample, other orthogonality correction techniques can include shiftingimage data 37 in an un-orthogonalized image data file 38 in acomputer-readable memory, such that the shifts in the image data 37 aremade based at least on the skew angle associated with the skewedprinting system. Shifts are typically made in a direction opposite to anarrangement direction of the un-orthogonalized image data file 38 thatcorresponds to sub-scan direction along which recording head 16 isconveyed while scanning. In these example embodiments, differentportions of image data 37 from each of the image data columns 50 in theimage data file 38 are still assigned to different recording channels40.

The invention has been described in detail with particular reference tocertain preferred embodiments thereof, but it will be understood thatvariations and modifications can be effected within the scope of theinvention.

PARTS LIST

-   10 recording apparatus-   11 support-   12 media support-   13 broken line-   14 rotation axis-   15 cylindrical surface-   16 recording head-   17 media-   18 carriage-   19 image-   22 motion system-   28A clamping member-   28B clamping member-   30 controller-   32 guide system-   33 transmission member-   37 image data-   37A first image data-   37A_(SUB) substituted first image data-   37B image data-   37B_(SUB) substituted image data-   38 image data file-   40 recording channel-   41 first position-   42 second position-   47 image feature-   47A image feature-   47B image feature-   47C image feature-   47D image feature-   47E image feature-   48 image feature portions-   48B image feature portion-   50 image data columns-   52 image data rows-   53A image pixel rows-   53B image pixel rows-   53C image pixel rows-   54A image pixel columns-   54B image pixel columns-   54C image pixel columns-   55 image data portions-   55A image data portion-   55B image data portion-   55C image data portion-   55D image data portion-   55E first image data portion-   55E_(SUB) substituted first image data portion-   55F image data portion-   55F_(SUB) substituted image data portion-   55G second image data portions-   55H second image data portions-   55I second image data portions-   55J image data portion-   55K image data portion-   57A broken lines-   57B broken lines-   57C broken lines-   59 image data shift line-   60 skewed image data column-   60A skewed image data column-   60B skewed image data column-   62 arrows-   100 helical image swaths-   100A helical image swath-   100B helical image swath-   100C helical image swath-   100D helical image swath-   110 circular image swaths-   110A circular image swaths-   300 method-   302 provide image data file-   304 identify image data corresponding to image feature that is to be    orthogonality corrected-   306 identify image data corresponding to image feature that is not    to be orthogonality corrected-   308 helically scan-   310 circularly scan-   θ helical scan angle-   MSA main-scan axis-   SSA sub-scan axis

1. A method for forming an image, comprising: providing a media supportadapted to receive media; providing a recording head comprising aplurality of recording channels, wherein each recording channel isadapted to form an image pixel column while scanning over the media;providing an image data file comprising a plurality of image datacolumns including a first image data column and a second image datacolumn; assigning different portions of each of the first image datacolumn and the second image data column to different recording channels;substituting first image data assigned to a first recording channel fromthe first image data column with zero image data, and operating thefirst recording channel to form a first image pixel column in accordancewith at least the zero image data and second image data assigned to thefirst recording channel from the second image data column; and operatingthe recording head to form the image.
 2. A method according to claim 1,comprising assigning the first image data to a second recording channel.3. A method according to claim 2, wherein the first image pixel columnis formed while scanning along a first direction, and the methodcomprises operating the second recording channel to form a second imagepixel column in accordance with at least the first image data, whereinthe second image pixel column is formed while scanning along a seconddirection that is different than the first direction.
 4. A methodaccording to claim 3, wherein each of the first image pixel column andthe second image pixel columns are formed during different scans.
 5. Amethod according to claim 4, wherein the second image pixel column isformed after the first image pixel column is formed.
 6. A methodaccording to claim 4, wherein the second image pixel column is formedbefore the first image pixel column is formed.
 7. A method according toclaim 3, comprising forming the second image pixel column solely inaccordance with image data assigned from a single image data column. 8.A method according to claim 3, wherein the first image pixel columnextends along a direction that intersects a direction that the secondimage pixel column extends along.
 9. A method according to claim 1,wherein the first image pixel column is formed while scanning along botha main-scan direction and a sub-scan direction, and wherein the firstimage pixel column extends along a direction that is skewed by a skewangle with respect to the main-scan direction, and the method comprisesshifting image data in each of the first image data column and thesecond image data column, wherein the shifts in the image data are madebased at least on the skew angle.
 10. A method according to claim 9, andwherein the plurality of image data columns are arranged along adirection corresponding to the sub-scan direction, and the methodcomprises shifting the image data in a direction opposite to thedirection corresponding to the sub-scan direction.
 11. A methodaccording to claim 1, comprising reading image data from each of thefirst image data column and the second image data column along an imagedata read path that is skewed with each of the first image data columnand the second image data column.
 12. A method according to claim 4,wherein the first image pixel column is formed during a first scan inaccordance with at least image data read from the first image datacolumn along a first image data path that is skewed with the first imagedata column, and wherein the second image data column is formed during asecond scan in accordance with image data read from the first image datacolumn along a second image data read path that is parallel to the firstimage data column.
 13. A method according to claim 3, comprising formingthe first image pixel column in accordance with image data to whichorthogonality corrections have been applied, and forming the secondimage data column in accordance with image data to which orthogonalitycorrections have not been applied.
 14. A method according to claim 1,comprising determining if orthogonality corrections are to be applied tothe first image data and substituting the first image data with the zeroimage data in the event that it is determined that the orthogonalitycorrections are not to be applied to the first image data.
 15. A methodaccording to claim 3, comprising determining if the second image pixelcolumn is to be formed while scanning along a direction that isdifferent from the first direction, and substituting the first imagedata with the zero image data in the event that it is determined thatsecond image pixel column is to be formed while scanning along thedirection that is different from the first direction.
 16. A methodaccording to claim 3, comprising forming the first image pixel columnwhile helically scanning over the media and forming the second imagepixel column while circularly scanning over the media.
 17. A methodaccording to claim 3, wherein the first image data corresponds to aportion of an electrical element.
 18. A method according to claim 17,wherein the electrical element is one of a conductor, a resistor, aninductor, a capacitor, a rectifier, a transistor, an opto-electronicdevice, a microwave device, and an acoustical device.
 19. A methodaccording to claim 18, wherein the media includes a media adapted totransfer a functional material to a substrate.
 20. A method according toclaim 19, comprising forming a portion of the electrical element on thesubstrate with the functional material.
 21. A method for forming animage, comprising: providing a media support comprising a cylindricalsurface adapted to receive media; providing a recording head comprisinga plurality of individually controllable recording channels, whereineach recording channel is adapted to form an image pixel column whilescanning over the media; providing an image data file comprising aplurality of image data columns; operating a first recording channelwhile circularly scanning over the media to form a first image pixelcolumn in accordance with at least first image data from a first imagedata column; substituting the first image data with zero image data andoperating a second recording channel while helically scanning over themedia to form a second image pixel column in accordance with the zeroimage data and at least second image data from a second image datacolumn; and operating the recording head to form the image.
 22. A methodaccording to claim 21, wherein the first image pixel column and thesecond pixel columns are formed during different scans.